Horizontal and vertical segregation

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gendersegregation2.jpgHorizontal of women means that women generally work in different of economy than men. Only 26% of Europeans work in occupations, where the is composed of both sexes in the of at least 40%:60%. Half of all working women work in only two - 34% in and health and 17% in and retail trade. In comparison, half of the jobs by men are spread across three : manufacturing (22%), wholesale and (14%) and (13%), thus confirming the horizontal existing in the labour market. Even in the with a large female workforce, women often find themselves in the paid jobs. Out of those working in the education and health up to 55% of men receive high , as compared to only 27% of women.

This serves to further the issue of vertical in the labour market, or in other words, representation of women in posts. Nevertheless, over the last 10 years there has been a slow, but steady, in the proportion of female bosses in the European Union: from 20% in 1995, to 23% in 2000 to 25% in 2005. However, this rate is still much than in the United States, where the equivalent is 37%.
Although the in the number of women in posts is a positive development, it is not . Most female bosses have female . Whereas less than 10% of men have women as their bosses, around 43% of working women in Europe have female bosses. Women also are more to be managers of part-timers - 41% of part-timers have female bosses to 21% of full-timers. Female managers are concentrated in and workplaces with a female/part-time workforce at the end of hierarchies.